Paternity testing involves assessing the likelihood of a biological relationship between an alleged father and a child. While not obligatory, including the mother's sample is highly advised to enhance statistical accuracy and eliminate the possibility of fraud. Samples are collected through a buccal swab, involving swabbing the inside of the cheek for around 30 seconds.

Grand-Parentage testing is employed in cases where obtaining a sample from the alleged father is not possible. In such instances, the child's genetic material is compared to that of the alleged father's parents, namely the paternal grandmother and/or grandfather. While testing can be conducted with just one grandparent, it is advisable to submit samples from both the grandmother and grandfather if both are accessible. In situations where only one grandparent is available for testing, it is recommended to include a sample from the available grandparent and the child's mother. This approach enhances the statistical accuracy and reduces the likelihood of inconclusive results.

Sibling relationship testing is employed in cases where obtaining a sample from the alleged father or mother is not possible. This type of testing is conducted between suspected siblings to ascertain their biological connection. There are two variations of siblingship tests: one comparing full versus half-siblings, and the other comparing half-siblings with unrelated individuals. While testing can be conducted solely between the siblings, it is advisable to include a mother's sample with the siblings for enhanced statistical accuracy and to reduce the likelihood of inconclusive results.